Environmental Assessments of Global Raw Material Extraction

layout: false
class: title-slide
count: false

.wu-logo-white[]

.title-card[
.title[Environmental Assessments of Global Raw Material Extraction]
.author[Victor Maus]
.affiliation[
Research Group Leader, Spatial Data Science<br>
Institute for Ecological Economics<br>
Vienna University of Economics and Business<br>
[victor.maus@wu.ac.at](mailto:victor.maus@wu.ac.at) &nbsp;·&nbsp; [victormaus.github.io](https://victormaus.github.io)
]
]

.accreditation[]

???

---
layout: false
class: clear
count: true
# Increasing Mining Impacts

.center[
<img src="./img/pnas-sonter2023.png" width="65%" />
]

.citations[<a class="cite-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2307006120" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Sonter et al. (2023) <em>PNAS</em></a>]

???

---
layout: false
class: clear, inverse, center
background-image: url(https://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/applications/observing_the_earth/copernicus/sentinel-2/19729272-10-eng-GB/Sentinel-2_pillars.jpg)
background-size: cover
count: true

.wu-logo-white[]

<div style="position: absolute; top: 1.5em; left: 0; right: 0; text-align: center; color: #fff; text-shadow: 0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.75);">
<div style="font-size: 38px; font-weight: 700; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.3; padding: 0 8%;">
&ldquo;In God we trust, the others bring data&rdquo;
</div>
<div style="font-size: 20px; opacity: 0.9; margin-top: 2px; padding-right: 20%; text-align: right;">
— W. Edwards Deming?
</div>
</div>

.cc-bottom-left.font-light[Image: © <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2">European Space Agency (ESA)</a>]

???
- Framing: assessment of mining impacts must be data-driven
- Deming's adage — operationalised in this talk via satellite EO + integration with operation inventories

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Spatial data on mining is scarce and fragmented

.pull-left[
<img src="./img/maus2024-nature.png" width="78%" />
<img src="./img/gap_grid_map.png" width="78%" />
]

.pull-right[
<img src="https://media.nature.com/lw767/magazine-assets/d41586-023-04090-3/d41586-023-04090-3_26550018.png?as=webp" width="70%" />
]

.citations[<a class="cite-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-04090-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maus &amp; Werner (2024) <em>Nature</em></a>]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Mapping global mining footprints

<br>
.pull-left[
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12px;">Land use<br/>(Polygons)</div>
<img src="./img/indicators-land-use.png" style="width: 100%;" />
<div style="font-size: 11px; color: #888; margin-top: 4px; line-height: 1.3;">
Maus et al. (2020, 2022) / Nature Scientific Data<br/>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01547-4">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01547-4</a>
</div>
]

.pull-right[
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 24px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12px;">Mine operation<br/>(Points)</div>
<img src="./img/outlook-commodity-map.png" style="width: 100%;" />
<div style="font-size: 11px; color: #888; margin-top: 4px; line-height: 1.3;">
Jasansky et al. (2023) / Nature Scientific Data<br/>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01965-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-01965-y</a>
</div>
]

.key-point.font140.font-dark.opac-80[Mine-level assessment requires integrating satellite data and operation inventories]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Mining data integration

.key-point.font140.font-dark.opac-80[Unsupervised clustering to link satellite-derived mine land use and mine operation data reduces subjectivity and increases linking accuracy]
.citations[<a class="cite-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147437" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maus (2026) <em>Journal of Cleaner Production</em></a>  ·  <a class="cite-link" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11656" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maus &amp; Borin (2026) <em>arXiv preprint arXiv:2604.11656</em></a>]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Interactive visualization and open data

.footnote-right.opac-70.font120[[maps.minethegap.eu](https://maps.minethegap.eu)]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Environmental impacts of mining

<div style="position: absolute; top: 3em; left: 10%; width: 36%; text-align: center;">
<span class="ind-label">Commodity-specific land use</span>
<img src="./img/indicators-commodity-land-use.png" style="width: 100%; max-height: 230px; object-fit: contain;" />
<span class="ind-src">Maus (2026) Journal of Cleaner Production<br/><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147437">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147437</a></span>
</div>

<div style="position: absolute; top: 3em; right: 10em; width: 38%; text-align: center;">
<span class="ind-label">Forest cover loss</span>
<img src="./img/indicators-forest-cover-loss.png" style="width: 100%; max-height: 230px; object-fit: contain;" />
<span class="ind-src">Giljum et al. PNAS (2022, 2023, 2025)<br/><a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118273119">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118273119</a></span>
</div>

<div style="position: absolute; bottom: 0.4em; left: 0.5em; width: 23%; text-align: center;">
<span class="ind-label">Quantifying global mining waste</span>
<img src="./img/indicators-mining-waste.png" style="width: 130%; max-height: 250px; object-fit: contain;" />
<span class="ind-src">Moudrý et al. IJAEOG (under review)</span>
</div>

<div style="position: absolute; bottom: 1em; left: 27%; width: 38%; text-align: center;">
<span class="ind-label">Indirect forest cover loss</span>
<img src="./img/indicators-indirect-forest-loss.png" style="width: 200%; max-height: 300px; object-fit: contain;" />
<span class="ind-src">Morton et al. Nature (accepted)</span>
</div>

<div style="position: absolute; bottom: 0.4em; right: 1em; width: 31%; text-align: center;">
<span class="ind-label">Biodiversity exposure to mines</span>
<img src="./img/indicators-biodiversity-exposure.png" style="width: 100%; max-height: 250px; object-fit: contain;" />
<span class="ind-src">Lamb et al. Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution (under review)</span>
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class: clear, no-logo
background-image: url(./img/copper-water-use.png)
background-size: contain
background-position: center
background-repeat: no-repeat
count: true

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Forest loss along mineral supply chains

<br>
.center[
<img src="./img/forest-loss-mrio-res.png" width="80%" />
]

.citations[Luckeneder et al. *Resources, Conservation & Recycling* (under review)]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Third mission

.pull-left[
<img src="./img/wwf-report.png" style="height: 480px; display: block; margin: 0 auto 8px;" />
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; opacity: 0.7;"><a href="https://www.wwf.de/fileadmin/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/Wald/WWF-Studie-Extracted-Forests.pdf">WWF <em>Extracted Forests</em> (2023)</a></div>
]

.pull-right[
<img src="./img/guardian-weda-bay.png" style="height: 480px; display: block; margin: 0 auto 8px;" />
<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 13px; opacity: 0.7;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/ng-interactive/2026/mar/11/how-mining-threatens-the-worlds-biodiversity-aoe">The Guardian — Weda Bay (Mar 2026)</a></div>
]

???
- Two examples of research uptake beyond academia
- Left: WWF Extracted Forests policy report (2023)
- Right: The Guardian long-form story on Weda Bay (March 2026)

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Outlook

.pull-left[
<span class="outlook-h">Improve data coverage based on reports</span>

<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
<img src="./img/eu-flag-funded.png" style="height: 56px; flex-shrink: 0;" />
<div>
<strong>RAWCLIC Project (2025–2028)</strong><br/>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3030/101183654">https://doi.org/10.3030/101183654</a>
</div>
</div>

- Increase coverage of the production database
- Compile variables from sustainability reports
- Estimate water use and mining waste with ML
]

.pull-right[
<span class="outlook-h">Develop new satellite-based indicators</span>

<div style="display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 12px;">
<img src="./img/erc-flag-eu.png" style="height: 56px; flex-shrink: 0;" />
<div>
<strong>MINE-THE-GAP Project (2025–2030)</strong><br/>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3030/101170578">https://doi.org/10.3030/101170578</a>
</div>
</div>

Integrate multi-sensor satellite EO data using AI to produce new mining indicators: **Land use** · **Waste** · **Minerals**
]

.footnote-left.opac-50.font50[Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.]

???
-

---
layout: false
class: closing-slide
count: false

.wu-logo-white[]

.title-card[
.title[Thank you!]
.author[Victor Maus]
.affiliation[
[victor.maus@wu.ac.at](mailto:victor.maus@wu.ac.at)]
.qr-website[[victormaus.github.io](https://victormaus.github.io)]
]

.accreditation[]

???