Big Earth Observation Data Analytics

layout: false
class: title-slide
count: true

.wu-logo-white[]

.title-card[
.title[Big Earth Observation Data Analytics]
.author[Dr. Victor Maus]
.affiliation[
Research Team Leader on Spatial Data Science<br>
Institute for Ecological Economics<br>
Vienna University of Economics and Business<br>
[victor.maus@wu.ac.at](mailto:victor.maus@wu.ac.at) &nbsp;·&nbsp; [victormaus.github.io](https://victormaus.github.io)
]
]

.accreditation[]

???

---
layout: false
count: true
# Earth Observation Images

<div class="scard">
<svg viewBox="0 0 160 120" class="scard-svg">
  
  <circle cx="20" cy="20" r="10" fill="#f59e0b"/>
  <g stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.5">
    <line x1="20" y1="4" x2="20" y2="0"/>
    <line x1="36" y1="20" x2="40" y2="20"/>
    <line x1="20" y1="36" x2="20" y2="40"/>
    <line x1="4" y1="20" x2="0" y2="20"/>
    <line x1="30" y1="8" x2="33" y2="5"/>
    <line x1="30" y1="32" x2="33" y2="35"/>
    <line x1="10" y1="32" x2="7" y2="35"/>
    <line x1="10" y1="8" x2="7" y2="5"/>
  </g>
  
  <g transform="translate(120, 30)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="16" height="16" fill="#444"/>
    <rect x="-22" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
    <rect x="10" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
  </g>
  
  <line x1="30" y1="30" x2="55" y2="95" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="2"/>
  
  <line x1="54" y1="96" x2="113" y2="36" stroke="#9ca3af" stroke-width="2.5"/>
  <line x1="58" y1="98" x2="115" y2="38" stroke="#1f9e89" stroke-width="2.5"/>
  <line x1="62" y1="100" x2="117" y2="40" stroke="#c41e3a" stroke-width="2.5"/>
  <line x1="66" y1="102" x2="119" y2="42" stroke="#0072B2" stroke-width="2.5"/>
  <line x1="70" y1="104" x2="121" y2="44" stroke="#6b7280" stroke-width="2.5"/>
  
  <path d="M 0,100 L 160,100 L 160,120 L 0,120 Z" fill="#9ca3af"/>
  <path d="M 40,100 Q 60,92 80,100 Q 100,92 120,100" fill="#7a886e" stroke="none"/>
</svg>
<div class="scard-h">Multispectral cameras</div>
<div class="scard-eg">(e.g. Sentinel-2 · Landsat · Planet)</div>
</div>

<div class="scard">
<svg viewBox="0 0 160 120" class="scard-svg">
  <defs>
    <marker id="sar-tx-head" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
      <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="#0072B2"/>
    </marker>
    <marker id="sar-rx-head" viewBox="0 0 10 10" refX="9" refY="5" markerWidth="5" markerHeight="5" orient="auto">
      <path d="M 0 0 L 10 5 L 0 10 z" fill="#D55E00"/>
    </marker>
  </defs>
  
  <g transform="translate(125, 22)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="16" height="16" fill="#444"/>
    <rect x="-22" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
    <rect x="10" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
  </g>
  
  <g fill="#d1d5db">
    <ellipse cx="55" cy="55" rx="20" ry="7"/>
    <ellipse cx="78" cy="52" rx="16" ry="6"/>
    <ellipse cx="35" cy="60" rx="13" ry="5"/>
  </g>
  
  <line x1="115" y1="32" x2="62" y2="90" stroke="#0072B2" stroke-width="2.8" marker-end="url(#sar-tx-head)"/>
  <text x="38" y="80" font-size="9" fill="#0072B2" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">pulse</text>
  
  <line x1="78" y1="92" x2="128" y2="34" stroke="#D55E00" stroke-width="2.2" stroke-dasharray="4 2" marker-end="url(#sar-rx-head)"/>
  <text x="128" y="82" font-size="9" fill="#D55E00" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">backscatter</text>
  
  <path d="M 0,100 L 160,100 L 160,120 L 0,120 Z" fill="#9ca3af"/>
</svg>
<div class="scard-h">Synthetic-aperture radar</div>
<div class="scard-eg">(e.g. Sentinel-1 · NISAR)</div>
</div>

<div class="scard">
<svg viewBox="0 0 160 120" class="scard-svg">
  
  <circle cx="20" cy="20" r="9" fill="#f59e0b"/>
  <g stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="1.5">
    <line x1="20" y1="5" x2="20" y2="1"/>
    <line x1="35" y1="20" x2="39" y2="20"/>
    <line x1="20" y1="35" x2="20" y2="39"/>
    <line x1="5" y1="20" x2="1" y2="20"/>
  </g>
  
  <g transform="translate(125, 24)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="16" height="16" fill="#444"/>
    <rect x="-22" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
    <rect x="10" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
  </g>
  
  <line x1="26" y1="28" x2="56" y2="90" stroke="#f59e0b" stroke-width="2"/>
  
  <g stroke-width="1.3" fill="none">
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="115" y2="32" stroke="#7c3aed"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="118" y2="35" stroke="#3b82f6"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="120" y2="38" stroke="#0891b2"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="121" y2="41" stroke="#10b981"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="122" y2="44" stroke="#84cc16"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="123" y2="47" stroke="#facc15"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="124" y2="50" stroke="#f97316"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="125" y2="53" stroke="#dc2626"/>
    <line x1="60" y1="92" x2="125" y2="56" stroke="#991b1b"/>
  </g>
  
  <path d="M 0,100 L 160,100 L 160,120 L 0,120 Z" fill="#9ca3af"/>
  <path d="M 40,100 Q 55,94 70,100" fill="#7a886e" stroke="none"/>
</svg>
<div class="scard-h">Hyperspectral imagers</div>
<div class="scard-eg">(e.g. EnMAP · PRISMA · CHIME (upcoming))</div>
</div>

<div class="scard">
<svg viewBox="0 0 160 120" class="scard-svg">
  
  <g transform="translate(80, 18)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="16" height="16" fill="#444"/>
    <rect x="-22" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
    <rect x="10" y="-3" width="12" height="6" fill="#3399cc"/>
  </g>
  
  <line x1="80" y1="32" x2="80" y2="95" stroke="#007857" stroke-width="3"/>
  <line x1="80" y1="32" x2="80" y2="95" stroke="#82e0aa" stroke-width="1" stroke-dasharray="3 2"/>
  
  <g fill="#3a5a40">
    <ellipse cx="40" cy="92" rx="10" ry="14"/>
    <rect x="38" y="92" width="4" height="10" fill="#5d4037"/>
    <ellipse cx="115" cy="88" rx="13" ry="18"/>
    <rect x="113" y="92" width="4" height="14" fill="#5d4037"/>
  </g>
  
  <path d="M 0,103 L 160,103 L 160,120 L 0,120 Z" fill="#9ca3af"/>
</svg>
<div class="scard-h">LiDAR altimeters</div>
<div class="scard-eg">GEDI · ICESat-2</div>
</div>

</div>

<div class="volumes-takeaway" style="font-size: 28px;">
<strong>EO data is much more than RGB images.</strong> It includes measurements that reveal different aspects of our planet far beyond visible light.
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class: inverse
background-image: url(./img/section-bigdata-hero.jpg)
background-size: cover
count: true

</div>

<div class="vol-msg">
<div class="vol-msg-card">
The open EO archive grows at an exponential rate, roughly doubling every 3&ndash;4 years. The recent NISAR satellite alone generates 85 TB of data per day.
</div>
</div>

</div>

.cc-bottom-left.font-light[Image: NASA / Apollo 17 (public domain) &mdash; <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg">Wikimedia Commons</a>]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true

<div class="open-quote">
<div class="quote-mark">&ldquo;</div>
<div class="quote-text">The free data policy adopted by INPE in 2004 enabled new business and increased the number of users of Earth observation data in Brazil, and also encouraged USGS and ESA to open Landsat and Sentinel data access, respectively.</div>
<div class="quote-attr">&mdash;Dr. Leila Fonseca, Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (INPE)</div>
</div>

<circle cx="120" cy="80" r="14" fill="#1f9e89" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="3"/>
  <text x="120" y="48" text-anchor="middle" font-size="22" font-weight="700" fill="#0e6b5d">2004</text>
  <text x="120" y="116" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#222">INPE</text>
  <text x="120" y="132" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#666">CBERS imagery</text>

<circle cx="384" cy="80" r="14" fill="#1f9e89" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="3"/>
  <text x="384" y="48" text-anchor="middle" font-size="22" font-weight="700" fill="#0e6b5d">2008</text>
  <text x="384" y="116" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#222">USGS</text>
  <text x="384" y="132" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#666">Landsat archive</text>

<circle cx="780" cy="80" r="14" fill="#1f9e89" stroke="#fff" stroke-width="3"/>
  <text x="780" y="48" text-anchor="middle" font-size="22" font-weight="700" fill="#0e6b5d">2014</text>
  <text x="780" y="116" text-anchor="middle" font-size="15" font-weight="700" fill="#222">ESA</text>
  <text x="780" y="132" text-anchor="middle" font-size="12" fill="#666">Sentinel / Copernicus</text>
</svg>
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# The software response

<div class="soft-col">
<h3>Open formats</h3>
<div class="subh">storage layer</div>
<div class="logos">
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/cog.png" alt="Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF" /><div class="logo-name">COG</div></div>
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/zarr.png" alt="Zarr" /><div class="logo-name">Zarr</div></div>
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/geoparquet.svg" alt="GeoParquet" /><div class="logo-name">GeoParquet</div></div>
</div>
<div class="extras">cloud-native rasters, N-D arrays, vector tables<br/><em>+ NetCDF, HDF5</em></div>
</div>

<div class="soft-col">
<h3>Open APIs</h3>
<div class="subh">service layer</div>
<div class="logos">
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/stac.png" alt="STAC" /><div class="logo-name"></div></div>
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/openeo.png" alt="openEO" /><div class="logo-name"></div></div>
</div>
<div class="extras">STAC = discovery · openEO = processing<br/><em>OGC API, CEOS ARD</em></div>
</div>

<div class="soft-col">
<h3>Open libraries</h3>
<div class="subh">client/application layer</div>
<div class="logos">
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/xarray.png" alt="xarray" /><div class="logo-name"></div></div>
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/dask.svg" alt="Dask" /><div class="logo-name">Dask</div></div>
<div class="logo-item"><img src="./img/logos/pangeo.png" alt="Pangeo" /><div class="logo-name"></div></div>
</div>
<div class="extras">N-D arrays · parallel runtime · platform<br/><em>GDAL, rasterio, pystac, ODC</em></div>
</div>

</div>

<div class="soft-tagline">
Interoperable open-source software that makes PB-scale EO usable.
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# ESA switches to cloud-native products

<div class="fva-side fva-before">
<div class="fva-h">Until now</div>
<div class="fva-icon">📦</div>
<div class="fva-body">ESA publishes <strong>SAFE archives</strong> (.zip);<br/>3rd-party clouds reformat to COG / Zarr</div>
</div>

<div class="fva-side fva-after">
<div class="fva-h">From 2026/27</div>
<div class="fva-icon">☁️</div>
<div class="fva-body">ESA publishes <strong>Zarr natively</strong>;<br/>query <strong>STAC</strong>, stream from cloud object storage</div>
</div>

</div>

<div class="fva-eopf">
<img src="./img/logos/eopf.png" alt="ESA EOPF Sentinel Zarr" />
<div class="fva-eopf-cap">ESA's <a href="https://zarr.eopf.copernicus.eu">EOPF Sentinel Zarr</a> &mdash; the whole upstream chain becomes cloud-native by default</div>
</div>

<div class="fva-quote">
Access is now <strong>an API call</strong>, not <em>a file download</em>.
</div>

</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Analysis Ready Data (ARD)

<div class="ard-slide">
<img src="./img/ard-eox-datacube.png" alt="From raw satellite scenes to an analysis-ready data cube" />
<div class="ard-credit">
Figure: Stefan Brand, <a href="https://eox.at">EOX</a> &mdash; ARD references: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11091124">Frantz (2019)</a> · <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/data4030092">Appel &amp; Pebesma (2019)</a>
</div>
</div>

<div class="volumes-takeaway" style="font-size: 28px;">
Raw scenes &rarr; calibrated, gridded, gap-masked tiles &rarr; regular data cubes
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# From engineered features to learned representations

<div class="me-labels">
<div class="me-label-col">Dimensionality reduction</div>
<div class="me-label-col">Pattern matching</div>
<div class="me-label-col">Full dimensionality</div>
</div>

<div class="me-cites">
<div class="me-cite-col"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.05.006" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TIMESAT</strong><br/><span>J&ouml;nsson &amp; Eklundh, 2004</span></a></div>
<div class="me-cite-col"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2517118" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>TWDTW</strong><br/><span>Maus et al., 2016</span></a></div>
<div class="me-cite-col"><a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050523" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Deep learning</strong><br/><span>Pelletier et al., 2022</span></a></div>
</div>

</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Earth Observation Foundation Models

<g transform="translate(40, 60)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="56" height="46" fill="#cfe7fb" stroke="#0072B2" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <rect x="-4" y="-4" width="56" height="46" fill="#a9d3f3" stroke="#0072B2" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <rect x="0"  y="0"  width="56" height="46" fill="#7fbfe9" stroke="#0072B2" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <text x="28" y="62" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#0072B2">Optical</text>
    <text x="28" y="76" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#0072B2">multispectral / hyperspectral</text>
  </g>

<g transform="translate(40, 200)">
    <rect x="-8" y="-8" width="56" height="46" fill="#fbd8b6" stroke="#D55E00" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <rect x="-4" y="-4" width="56" height="46" fill="#f4b079" stroke="#D55E00" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <rect x="0"  y="0"  width="56" height="46" fill="#ec8a47" stroke="#D55E00" stroke-width="1.5"/>
    <text x="28" y="62" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#D55E00">Radar</text>
    <text x="28" y="76" text-anchor="middle" font-size="11" fill="#D55E00">SAR &middot; active microwave</text>
  </g>

<line x1="105" y1="90"  x2="190" y2="150" stroke="#666" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>
  <line x1="105" y1="230" x2="190" y2="180" stroke="#666" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>

<g>
    <rect x="200" y="130" width="135" height="70" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#1A292C" stroke-width="2" rx="6"/>
    <text x="267" y="155" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="#1A292C">FOUNDATION</text>
    <text x="267" y="174" text-anchor="middle" font-size="14" font-weight="700" fill="#1A292C">MODEL</text>
    <text x="267" y="190" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" font-style="italic" fill="#666">self-supervised</text>
  </g>

<line x1="340" y1="165" x2="395" y2="165" stroke="#666" stroke-width="2" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>

<g transform="translate(412, 132)">
    <rect x="0" y="0" width="38" height="66" fill="#fdf6d8" stroke="#F6AE2D" stroke-width="2"/>
    <g fill="#1A292C">
      <circle cx="19" cy="9"  r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="17" r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="25" r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="33" r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="41" r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="49" r="1.8"/>
      <circle cx="19" cy="57" r="1.8"/>
    </g>
    <text x="19" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#a3781a">128-d</text>
    <text x="19" y="96" text-anchor="middle" font-size="10" fill="#666">per pixel</text>
  </g>

<line x1="455" y1="148" x2="498" y2="88"  stroke="#666" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>
  <line x1="455" y1="160" x2="498" y2="148" stroke="#666" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>
  <line x1="455" y1="172" x2="498" y2="208" stroke="#666" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>
  <line x1="455" y1="184" x2="498" y2="268" stroke="#666" stroke-width="1.5" marker-end="url(#fm-arr)"/>

<g font-size="13" font-weight="700" fill="#007857">
    <text x="505" y="92">Land cover</text>
    <text x="505" y="152">Canopy height</text>
    <text x="505" y="212">Biomass</text>
    <text x="505" y="272">Change detection</text>
  </g>
</svg>
</div>

</div>

<div class="fm-src">
Feng et al. (2025), <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.20380">arXiv:2506.20380</a> &middot; <a href="https://geotessera.org">geotessera.org</a>
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class: clear, no-logo, full-bleed
background-image: url(./img/meandering-mississippi.jpg)
background-size: cover
background-position: center
background-repeat: no-repeat
count: true

.cc-bottom-left.font-light[Landsat 7 &middot; 28 May 2003 &mdash; USGS/NASA <em>Earth as Art</em>: <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/meandering-mississippi">Meandering Mississippi</a>]

???

---
layout: false
class: clear, no-logo, full-bleed
background-image: url(./img/esa-cci-carajas.jpg)
background-size: cover
background-position: center
background-repeat: no-repeat
count: true

.cc-bottom-left.font-light[Map: <a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/">ESA CCI Land Cover viewer</a> &mdash; Caraj&aacute;s iron-ore complex, Brazil]

???

<!-- ---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Does time exist?

.pull-left.center[
<div style="margin-top: 1.5em;">
<div class="rovelli-cover">
<div class="rc-series">Piccola Biblioteca &middot; 705</div>
<div class="rc-author">CARLO ROVELLI</div>
<div class="rc-title"><em>L&rsquo;ordine<br/>del tempo</em></div>
<div class="rc-publisher">adelphi</div>
</div>
<div style="margin-top: 14px; font-size: 13px; color: #555;">Carlo Rovelli, <em>L&rsquo;ordine del tempo</em><br/>Adelphi, 2017</div>
</div>
]

.pull-right[
<div style="margin-top: 2em; padding: 0 1.5em;">
<div style="font-size: 26px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.35; color: #1A292C;">
&ldquo;L&rsquo;emozione del tempo &egrave; precisamente ci&ograve; che per noi &egrave; il tempo. <strong>Il tempo siamo noi.</strong>&rdquo;
</div>
<div style="font-size: 16px; color: #555; margin-top: 18px; line-height: 1.4;">
&ldquo;The emotion of time is precisely what time is for us. <strong>Time is us.</strong>&rdquo;
</div>
</div>
] -->

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Bias of annual embeddings

<div class="yb-panel">
<div class="yb-panel-title">MODIS EVI &middot; <em>Mato Grosso, Brazil (&minus;52.452&deg;, &minus;12.333&deg;) &mdash; 2009&ndash;2010</em></div>
<svg viewBox="0 0 1000 500" class="yb-svg" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
  
  <line x1="50" y1="100" x2="950" y2="100" stroke="#eee" stroke-width="1"/>
  <line x1="50" y1="250" x2="950" y2="250" stroke="#eee" stroke-width="1"/>
  <line x1="50" y1="400" x2="950" y2="400" stroke="#ddd" stroke-width="1.2"/>
  
  <text x="44" y="104" font-size="14" fill="#888" text-anchor="end">1.0</text>
  <text x="44" y="254" font-size="14" fill="#888" text-anchor="end">0.5</text>
  <text x="44" y="404" font-size="14" fill="#888" text-anchor="end">0.0</text>
  <text x="44" y="86"  font-size="15" fill="#888" text-anchor="end" font-weight="700">EVI</text>
  
  <line x1="50"  y1="20" x2="50"  y2="440" stroke="#EB811B" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="6 5" opacity="0.6"/>
  <line x1="500" y1="20" x2="500" y2="440" stroke="#EB811B" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-dasharray="7 5"/>
  <line x1="950" y1="20" x2="950" y2="440" stroke="#EB811B" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-dasharray="6 5" opacity="0.6"/>
  
  <rect x="52"  y="24" width="446" height="54" rx="5" fill="rgba(196,30,58,0.07)" stroke="#c41e3a" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-dasharray="7 4"/>
  <text x="275" y="58" font-size="20" fill="#c41e3a" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">Embedding 2009</text>
  <rect x="502" y="24" width="446" height="54" rx="5" fill="rgba(196,30,58,0.07)" stroke="#c41e3a" stroke-width="2.5" stroke-dasharray="7 4"/>
  <text x="725" y="58" font-size="20" fill="#c41e3a" font-weight="700" text-anchor="middle">Embedding 2010</text>
  
  <polyline points="50,362 70,330 89,346 109,356 129,336 149,309 168,303 188,323 208,329 227,349 247,355 267,362 287,361 306,353 326,363 346,362 366,359 385,348 405,339 425,346 445,321 464,286 484,299 500,265 520,221 539,229 559,193 579,250 599,289 618,303 638,313 658,308 677,337 697,344 717,347 737,349 756,350 776,349 796,348 816,356 835,354 855,331 875,330 894,345 914,360 934,262" fill="none" stroke="#1f9e89" stroke-width="3" stroke-linejoin="round"/>
  
  <g fill="#1f9e89">
    <circle cx="50"  cy="362" r="2.5"/><circle cx="70"  cy="330" r="2.5"/><circle cx="89"  cy="346" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="109" cy="356" r="2.5"/><circle cx="129" cy="336" r="2.5"/><circle cx="149" cy="309" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="168" cy="303" r="2.5"/><circle cx="188" cy="323" r="2.5"/><circle cx="208" cy="329" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="227" cy="349" r="2.5"/><circle cx="247" cy="355" r="2.5"/><circle cx="267" cy="362" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="287" cy="361" r="2.5"/><circle cx="306" cy="353" r="2.5"/><circle cx="326" cy="363" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="346" cy="362" r="2.5"/><circle cx="366" cy="359" r="2.5"/><circle cx="385" cy="348" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="405" cy="339" r="2.5"/><circle cx="425" cy="346" r="2.5"/><circle cx="445" cy="321" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="464" cy="286" r="2.5"/><circle cx="484" cy="299" r="2.5"/><circle cx="500" cy="265" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="520" cy="221" r="2.5"/><circle cx="539" cy="229" r="2.5"/><circle cx="559" cy="193" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="579" cy="250" r="2.5"/><circle cx="599" cy="289" r="2.5"/><circle cx="618" cy="303" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="638" cy="313" r="2.5"/><circle cx="658" cy="308" r="2.5"/><circle cx="677" cy="337" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="697" cy="344" r="2.5"/><circle cx="717" cy="347" r="2.5"/><circle cx="737" cy="349" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="756" cy="350" r="2.5"/><circle cx="776" cy="349" r="2.5"/><circle cx="796" cy="348" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="816" cy="356" r="2.5"/><circle cx="835" cy="354" r="2.5"/><circle cx="855" cy="331" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="875" cy="330" r="2.5"/><circle cx="894" cy="345" r="2.5"/><circle cx="914" cy="360" r="2.5"/>
    <circle cx="934" cy="262" r="2.5"/>
  </g>
  
  <rect x="50"  y="410" width="375" height="25" fill="#7a886e"/>
  <rect x="425" y="410" width="213" height="25" fill="#b8860b"/>
  <rect x="638" y="410" width="217" height="25" fill="#c8a878"/>
  <rect x="855" y="410" width="95"  height="25" fill="#b8860b"/>
  <text x="237" y="428" font-size="14" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="700">pasture</text>
  <text x="531" y="428" font-size="14" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="700">soy growing season</text>
  <text x="747" y="428" font-size="14" fill="#fff" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="700">fallow</text>
  
  <text x="50"  y="465" font-size="14" fill="#666" text-anchor="middle">Jan 2009</text>
  <text x="500" y="465" font-size="14" fill="#666" text-anchor="middle">Jan 2010</text>
  <text x="950" y="465" font-size="14" fill="#666" text-anchor="middle">Jan 2011</text>
</svg>
</div>

</div>

???

---
layout: false
class: clear, no-logo
background-image: url(./img/envisat-global-land-cover.jpg)
background-size: cover
background-position: center
background-repeat: no-repeat
count: true

.cc-bottom-left.font-light[Envisat global land-cover map (GlobCover) &mdash; &copy; ESA &middot; <a href="https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2008/12/Envisat_global_land_cover_map">esa.int</a>]

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# What do maps show?

.pull-left.center[
<div style="margin-top: 1.5em;">
<img src="./img/platon.png" alt="Detail of Plato from Raphael's School of Athens (1509–11)" height="380" style="margin-bottom: 1.2em;" /><br/>
<strong>Plato</strong> &mdash; categories have <em>objective essences</em>:<br/>one <strong>true definition</strong> holds everywhere &mdash; the assumption behind every global map.<br/>
<span style="font-size: 11px; color: #777;">Image: Raphael, <em>School of Athens</em>, 1511 &middot; CC&nbsp;BY-SA 4.0</span>
</div>
]

.pull-right.center[
<div style="transform: translateX(-3em); margin-top: 1.5em;">
<img src="./img/wittgenstein-1929-800.jpg" alt="Photograph of Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1929" height="380" style="margin-bottom: 1.2em;" /><br/>
<strong>Ludwig Wittgenstein</strong> &mdash; <em>&ldquo;The meaning of a word is its use in the language&rdquo;</em><br/>
<span style="font-size: 11px; color: #777;">Photo: Moritz N&auml;hr, 1929 &middot; public domain</span>
</div>
]

???

---
layout: false
class: transferability-bg
background-image: url(https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-022-29838-9/MediaObjects/41467_2022_29838_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp)
background-size: 42% auto
background-position: right 2em center
background-repeat: no-repeat
count: true

# Model transferability remains <br>a big challenge

<div class="transferability-msg">
Machine-learning algorithms trained on samples with <strong>non-representative spatial and temporal distributions</strong> produce unreliable results outside the sampled region.
</div>

<div class="transferability-src">
Meyer &amp; Pebesma (2022), <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29838-9"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# Spatial data on mining is scarce and fragmented

.pull-left[
<img src="./img/maus2024-nature.png" width="78%" />
<img src="./img/gap_grid_map.webp" width="78%" />
]

.pull-right[
<img src="./img/nature-d41586-023-04090-3.webp" width="70%" />
]

.citations[<a class="cite-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-04090-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maus &amp; Werner (2024) <em>Nature</em></a>]

???
- Half of the world&rsquo;s mining areas remain undocumented in open datasets.
- Existing maps are fragmented, locally curated, and inconsistent &mdash; motivating the MINE-THE-GAP integration argument that follows.

---
layout: false
class:
count: true
# MINE-THE-GAP's aim

<div class="volumes-takeaway" style="font-size: 28px;">
Develop new methods to integrate multi-sensor satellite EO data to produce mining indicators that scale globally.
</div>

<div class="mtg-funding">
<img src="./img/erc-flag-eu.png" alt="ERC + EU flag &mdash; Funded by the European Union" />
<div class="mtg-funding-id">MINE-THE-GAP (ERC StG, 2025&ndash;2030)<br/><a href="https://doi.org/10.3030/101170578">doi.org/10.3030/101170578</a></div>
</div>

???

---
layout: false
class:
count: true

.pull-left.center[
<img src="./img/dog-by-Tiina-Hayha-CC-BY-SA-4-0.jpg" alt="Spotted dog among autumn leaves" height="450" />

<span style="font-size: 11px; color: #777;">Photo: Tiina H&auml;yh&auml;, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0">CC&nbsp;BY-SA 4.0</a></span>
]

.pull-right.center[
<img src="./img/carajas-mine-satellite-dog.png" alt="Carajás iron-ore mine, satellite view" height="450" />

<span style="font-size: 11px; color: #777;">Screenshot: <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/xDkqyGdMAn8ZJTZJ7">Google Maps</a> &mdash; Caraj&aacute;s, Brazil</span>
]

<div class="volumes-takeaway" style="font-size: 24px;">
Computer vision and natural language processing architectures bring inductive biases ill-suited to spectra, time, and irregular geographies.
</div>

???

<!-- ---
layout: false
class: clear, inverse
background-image: url(./img/global-mining-map.jpg)
background-size: cover
background-position: center
count: true

# Global mining land footprint

.citations[<a class="cite-link" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01547-4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Maus et al. (2022) <em>Scientific Data</em></a>]

??? -->

---
layout: false
class: closing-slide
count: false

.wu-logo-white[]

.title-card[
.title[Thank you!]
.author[Dr. Victor Maus]
.affiliation[
[victor.maus@wu.ac.at](mailto:victor.maus@wu.ac.at)]
.qr-website[[victormaus.github.io](https://victormaus.github.io)]
]

.accreditation[]

???